植物源杀菌剂对马铃薯组织培养中青霉菌的抑菌效果

在马铃薯脱毒试管苗工厂化快繁过程中,为了抑制试管苗中的真菌污染,减少损失,采用平板生长抑制法用3种植物源杀菌剂苦参、中草药和黑农一号,对植物组织培养中青霉菌抑菌效果进行研究。结果表明:在培养基中加入黑农一号抑菌剂抑制青霉菌的效果最好,浓度在2.0%时,抑菌率达100.0%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) B-912对采后柑桔果实青、绿霉病的抑制效果

 用从土壤中分离到的枯草芽孢杆菌B-912作为生防拮抗菌,主要研究在不同贮藏温度下不同接种时间的B-912活菌液、热处理液和过滤液对柑桔青、绿霉病的抑制效果。B-912活菌液的抑菌效果最佳,热处理液和过滤液次之,但均显著地好于对照。较高的贮藏温度有利于拮抗菌对病菌的抑制作用,活菌液处理的果实在25℃下的发病率及病斑直径均小于15℃下的果实,24h后接种病菌孢子的果实其发病率及病斑直径一般都高于48h后接种的果实。实验证明,枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌机理主要是产生抗菌素。     

The use of sodium carbonate to improve curing treatments against green and blue moulds on citrus fruits

The effectiveness of curing oranges and lemons at 33 degrees C for 65h followed by storage under ambient and cold-storage conditions was investigated. This treatment effectively reduced the incidence of Penicillium digitatum (Pers) Sacc and P italicum Wehmer decay on inoculated and naturally infected oranges and lemons stored at 20 degrees C for 7 days. However, it failed to control green and blue mould infections on fruits placed in long-term cold storage, except green mould on oranges, which was effectively controlled. Dipping fruits in a sodium carbonate solution (20 g litre(-1)) for 2.5 min following a curing treatment at 33 degrees C for 65 h satisfactorily reduced green and blue mould incidence during subsequent long-term storage at 4 degrees C on oranges and at 10 degrees C on lemons. The efficacy was greater on injured fruits inoculated after the combination of treatments was applied, achieving a 60-80% reduction in decay in comparison with the curing treatment alone in all cases. A significant reduction of blue mould was also observed on fruits inoculated both before the treatments and on those re-inoculated after the treatments, demonstrating both protectant and eradicant activity. Thus, combining curing at 33 degrees C for 65 h with sodium carbonate treatment effectively controlled these post-harvest diseases on artificially inoculated citrus fruits and protected against re-infection. With naturally inoculated lemons, curing followed by sodium carbonate significantly reduced both green and blue mould incidence, but was not superior to curing alone. With naturally infected oranges, curing significantly reduced blue mould, but decay was not reduced further when followed by sodium carbonate treatment.     

青霉植酸酶生产条件及纯化的研究

青霉培养液的原始pH值为5.5时，植酸酶大量地产生，酶活性高，在青霉的生长过程中，维持培养液pH的不降低会抑制青霉的生长，植酸钙可促进植酸酶活性的提高，粗酶液经硫酸铵分级沉淀，再经SephadexG-100凝胶过滤，洗脱液有2个具有酶活力的蛋白峰，植酸酶被纯化了3.3倍，比活力达71.3U/mg。     

裸脚菇0612-9提取物对柑橘青、绿霉的抑菌活性及作用机制

为探索裸脚菇0612-9提取物(GSFE)对意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)和指状青霉(P. digitatum)的抑菌活性和作用机理,本试验采用菌丝生长速率法测定GSFE对意大利青霉和指状青霉的抑菌活性,分析GSFE处理后意大利青霉和指状青霉的菌丝形态、细胞膜通透性和麦角固醇含量变化情况,并通过靶位竞争剂试验探究GSFE的抑菌机理。结果表明,GSFE对意大利青霉和指状青霉的半有效浓度(EC₅₀)值分别为116.76和147.74 μg·mL^-1,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)均为200 μg·mL^-1;经质量浓度为EC₅₀和MIC的GSFE处理后意大利青霉和指状青霉菌丝体均发生严重的皱缩、干瘪,并且胞内呈空泡状结构,细胞质大量减少,胞外相对电导率显著上升,菌体内核酸、可溶性蛋白等胞内物质含量显著降低。这表明意大利青霉和指状青霉细胞膜通透性增加,胞内物质外泄,细胞膜完整性遭到破坏。经浓度为EC₅₀的GSFE处理的意大利青霉和指状青霉菌丝体,其麦角固醇含量均显著降低,分别仅为对照组的17.92%和20.13%。由此可见,GSFE主要通过抑制意大利青霉和指状青霉菌丝体的麦角固醇合成而损伤病原真菌细胞膜的结构和功能。本研究结果为后续开发新型微生物源柑橘采后保鲜剂提供了设计思路。     

Control of postharvest diseases on citrus fruit by preharvest application of the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2: Part I. Study of different formulation strategies to improve survival of cells in unfavourable environmental conditions

The objective in the present study was to investigate the survival and effectiveness of different biological agent Pantoea agglomerans formulations against Penicillium spp. with different preharvest treatments. Results indicated a high sensitivity of non-adapted and osmotic-adapted P. agglomerans cells to environmental conditions in the field, resulting in preharvest treatments which were ineffective against Penicillium spp. In the second part of this study, dry conditions and solar radiation were identified as important environmental conditions that seriously affect populations of P. agglomerans cells. Different formulation strategies were tested in order to improve the resistance of cells to unfavourable environmental conditions. Osmotic-adapted P. agglomerans cells in the presence of 25 g L⁻¹ of NaCl in the production medium [osmotic-adapted treatment (P25)] or at water activities (a_w) of 0.98 [osmotic-adapted treatment (P98)] had higher survival rates than non-adapted cells, when these cells were sprayed on oranges and stored in hermetically sealed chambers at a low RH of 43%. Among seven additives tested, the presence of 5% Fungicover in the bacterial suspension improved adherence and persistence of P. agglomerans cells on oranges exposed to unfavourable conditions. Therefore, while P. agglomerans cells sprayed alone had log values of 0.5 CFU cm⁻², in combination with Fungicover the population level of P. agglomerans cells reached log values of 5 and 4.2 CFU cm⁻², at 0 and 24 h after application. Lyophilised cells showed greater resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions than fresh cells. The present study has demonstrated that the formulation improvement can provide better performance of biocontrol agents under environmental conditions non-conducive for growth and survival.     

日粮添加鹅源草酸青霉产果胶酶对改善肉鸡生产性能的消化生理与免疫学机制的研究

 【目的】探索鹅源草酸青霉产果胶酶的作用机理,确定其添加效果与使用方法;同时,为果胶酶的推广应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】选用1日龄同批孵化、健康肉鸡240只,随机分成4个处理组。1组为对照组,饲喂正常水平的基础日粮;2组在基础日粮的基础上添加0.249%的果胶酶;3组添加0.168%纤维素酶;4组添加0.15%由果胶酶和纤维素酶按1﹕1配合而成的复合酶。【结果】果胶酶组肉鸡。显著提高对磷（P）、粗纤维（CF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、蛋氨酸（Met）、赖氨酸（Lys）、胱氨酸（Cys）、苏氨酸（Thr）和异亮氨酸（Ile）的利用率（P＜0.05）,极显著提高粗蛋白（CP）的利用率（P＜0.01）;显著提高果胶酶组28日龄时十二指肠、胰腺的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活性以及空肠的脂肪酶活性（P＜0.05）,极显著提高胃蛋白酶活性（P＜0.01）,显著提高49日龄时胰腺的淀粉酶及脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性、十二指肠的淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性和空肠的脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性（P＜0.05）;显著提高空肠的绒毛高度、降低肠壁厚度（P＜0.05）;果胶酶组显著降低49日龄的尿酸、尿素氮水平（P＜0.05）;显著提高的血糖水平（P＜0.05）;显著降低盲肠大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌数量（P＜0.05）;显著提高乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量（P＜0.05）;显著提高49日龄时的新城疫抗体效价（P＜0.05）。【结论】日粮中添加鹅源草酸青霉产果胶酶能提高肉鸡的生产性能和养分利用率,改善肠道形态结构、消化酶活性和微生态环境。     

凤仙透骨草中抑菌活性物质提取工艺研究

以意大利青霉做指示菌,以抑菌圈直径为活性追踪指标,在单因素实验的基础上通过二次回归正交旋转组合设计进行凤仙透骨草中抑菌活性物质的提取工艺参数优化。结果表明:最佳提取工艺条件为φ(乙醇)=96.8%,溶剂倍数10倍,提取温度50℃,提取时间3 h,在此优化条件下抑菌圈直径为36.95 mm。各因素对凤仙透骨草提取物抑菌效果的影响由大到小依次为:乙醇浓度,溶剂倍数,提取时间,提取温度。     

几种中草药提取液的抑菌作用研究

[目的]为中草药在防腐保鲜方面的应用提供依据。[方法]制备蒲公英、野菊花、牡蛎、艾蒿、大青叶、百部、麦冬、莪术、良姜、虎杖、女贞、皂角和桔皮等13种中草药的提取液,研究它们的自然感菌情况及其对苹果霉菌的抑菌作用。[结果]蒲公英、大青叶、百部、麦冬、虎杖、女贞、皂角和桔皮的提取率较高,大于20%。抑菌作用最好的是牡蛎和良姜的提取液,第9天出现感菌现象。百部、虎杖提取液对苹果霉菌的抑制作用最大,且提取液的浓度越大,抑制能力越强,5%虎杖提取液、10%百部和麦冬的提取液几乎抑制了苹果霉菌生长。[结论]13种中草药提取液对苹果霉菌的抑制作用较为明显,在自然暴露条件下也具有一定的抗菌能力,百部、虎杖和麦冬的提取液对苹果青霉的抑制效果最好,牡蛎和良姜的提取液抗菌能力最强。     

韭菜粗提取物对柑橘青霉菌的抑菌效果研究

[目的]研究韭菜乙醇粗提物对储藏期柑橘青霉病菌的抑菌作用。[方法]采用粗提物浓度梯度的平板培养法培养柑橘青霉菌,判断不同溶剂和不同处理的粗提物对柑橘青霉菌是否有抑制作用。[结果]以酒精、丙酮和无菌水为溶剂的新鲜韭菜提取物对柑橘青霉菌都有不同程度的抑制作用,且随着浓度的增大抑菌作用增强,随着培养时间的延长抑菌作用降低;以无菌水为溶剂的药液抑制作用最大,24h时EC-50为431．385μg/ml。以无菌水为溶剂时,不同处理方法所得的韭菜乙醇粗提取物对柑橘青霉菌菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,以新鲜茎叶对菌丝生长的抑制作用最大,干根次之,以干茎叶的抑制作用最小。[结论]韭菜乙醇粗提物对储藏期柑橘青霉病菌的菌丝有抑菌作用。